Evaluation of Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence in Pregnant Women: A Multicenter Study
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
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Evaluation of Cytomegalovirus Seroprevalence in Pregnant Women: A Multicenter Study

1. University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bursa, Türkiye
2. İstanbul Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul, Türkiye
3. Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara, Türkiye
4. İstanbul Haydarpaşa Numune Health Application and Research Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul, Türkiye
5. Şanlıurfa Training and Education Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
6. İlhan Varank Training and Education Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul, Türkiye
7. Van Training and Education Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Van, Türkiye
8. Celal Bayar University Hafsa Sultan Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Manisa, Türkiye
9. Kayseri State Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kayseri, Türkiye
10. İstanbul Haydarpaşa Numune Health Application and Research Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul, Türkiye
11. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Çanakkale, Türkiye
12. Hisar Hospital Intercontinental, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, İstanbul, Çanakkale, Türkiye
13. Karadeniz Teknik University Faculty of Medicine, Department Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Trabzon, Türkiye
14. Kırıkkale High Specialization Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
15. Vefa Tanır Ilgın Public Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Konya, Türkiye
16. Özel Gaziantep Liv Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gaziantep, Türkiye
17. Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Elazığ, Türkiye
18. Bitlis Tatvan Public Hospital, Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Bitlis, Türkiye
No information available.
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Abstract

Introduction

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy poses a significant risk of congenital infection, particularly in seronegative women. This study aimed to assess CMV seroprevalence among pregnant women and evaluate the incidence of primary CMV infections during pregnancy.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective multicenter study included pregnant women aged ≥18 year who were hospitalized between January 2018 and December 2022. Demographic data - including maternal age, gravidity, and educational and occupational status - along with CMV serological results, gestational age at CMV diagnosis, and fetal ultrasonographic (USG) findings were collected and analyzed. In cases with positive CMV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG, CMV-IgG avidity values, amniotic fluid CMV-DNA polymerase chain reaction results, and fetal USG findings were recorded to assess the likelihood of primary infection.

Results

Among 16,761 pregnant women, 261 (1.6%) tested positive for CMV-IgM. Of these, 126 (48.3%) underwent CMV-IgG avidity testing, and three cases demonstrated low avidity, indicating recent primary infection. Ultrasonographic abnormalities in these three fetuses included hydrops fetalis, polyhydramnios, skin edema, and hyperechogenic bowel. Additionally, five patients with high CMV-IgG levels underwent IgG avidity testing; fetal USG findings in these cases revealed intrauterine growth restriction, oligohydramnios, and cranial abnormalities.

Conclusion

Primary CMV infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes such as fetal anomalies, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth. Preventive strategies, including educating CMV-seronegative women about transmission routes and routine assessment of CMV-IgG avidity and fetal USG findings, are essential for early diagnosis and improved perinatal outcomes.

Keywords:
Abortion, congenital infection, cytomegalovirus, fetal abnormalities, pregnancy, seroprevalence